Saturday, November 22, 2008

Between the Commas: Part I of II

...
. . .in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity. . .

Here they are. The six reasons. The argument for overthrowing the Confederation and forming a whole new government. I'm stopping here today hoping readers will just read and reread and commit to memory these thirty-three words. Monday we'll put the six reasons in historical context.

Monday: Between the Commas, Part II of II
...

Friday, November 21, 2008

Outside the Commas, Part II of II


. . .do ordain and establish this Constitution
for the United States of America.
Yesterday we saw that "We the People of the United States" was an unauthorized entity. Today we focus on what the Preamble says they did.

The word "ordain" is sometimes thought to have injected religious meaning into the Constitution. It almost certainly did not. The Framers were educated men assembled for a serious cause. Their language was formal. They adopted this word, derived from Latin "ordinare" to mean roughly to put in permanent order or arrangement by decree.

"The United States of America" was the name formally given to the Confederation in Article I of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. The Preamble claimed that this new Constitution was being Established "for" a political entity which was already in existence--one which forbade its establishment.

We have to skip ahead briefly to see the difference between the subject of the sentence, "We the People of the United States," at the beginning of the Preamble, and the object, "The United States of America" at the end.

Article VII "The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
So the "we" was actually the People of some undetermined subset of at least nine of the thirteen states, who didn't exist as a legitimate entity and who didn't authorize the Convention to draft a new Constitution in their behalf, and who are yet illegally seceding from the Confederation and usurping its name!

It's no wonder a rock-solid case for ratification was crucial. We'll find those arguments between the commas.

Comments? Please?

Tomorrow: Between the Commas, Part I of II
...

Thursday, November 20, 2008

Outside the Commas, Part I

We the People of the United States....


Oh, dear. Seven words into the document--we don't even have a verb yet--and we already have controversy. No, not just controversy. We have a second revolution. A real coup d'etat, in fact!

The Framers assembled were authorized to convene by unanimous consent of the states in Congress under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union:

From the Report of Proceedings in Congress; February 21, 1787:
Resolved that in the opinion of Congress it is expedient that on the second Monday in May next a Convention of delegates who shall have been appointed by the several states be held at Philadelphia for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation and reporting to Congress and the several legislatures such alterations and provisions therein as shall when agreed to in Congress and confirmed by the states render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of Government & the preservation of the Union.
Under the Articles of Confederation, Article XIII,
. . . And the Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union [the Confederacy] shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.
"The People" were not a recognized party to the Confederation. Patrick Henry, who passionately opposed ratification of the new Constitution, argued that in the first place, "the People" had no authority in the matter, and in the second, "the People" had not authorized the Convention to act on their behalf.

And just who were "People" anyway? Inhabitants? Citizens? Free men? The document claims "the People of the United States" as its protagonist, but were they? Whoever these people were, they were revolutionaries overthrowing their young government.

Comments?

Tomorrow: Outside the Commas, Part II of II
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Tuesday, November 18, 2008

The Preamble: Introduction


I have no idea whom to credit for this diagram since it's displayed without citation on dozens of webpages. Isn't it beautiful, though?


For those who prefer their sentences in a more linear form:

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union,establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence,promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

For those who prefer their Preamble in comedy form:



For the Trekkies:


The Preamble is the most memorized sentence in the US Constitution. Weighing in at a hefty fifty-two words, it is purely expository. That is to say it explains, it even "sells" the rest of the document, but does not act. It neither grants authority nor recognizes rights.

Comments welcome and even appreciated (moderated).

Tomorrow: Preamble: Outside the Commas, Part I of II

Experts, scholars, and professionals dissect Constitutional conservatism into several more specific interpretive methodologies using terms like original intent, original meaning, plain meaning, strict construction, and formalism. While such distinctions are useful on a second, third, or fourth study, or in the course of a scholarly examination, they are largely ignored here because they aren't necessary to a basic familiarization with the text.

Logic insists that the Constitution was written to be understood as a self-contained document by ordinary citizens leading industrious private lives. We don't have to read the Declaration of Independence, the Federalist Papers, the Articles of Confederation, the Magna Carta, or the Holy Bible. We don't have to know the hearts and minds of the signatories or their constituents. We don't have to know which words are the result of compromise or who among the Founders were federalists or anti-federalists. While the study of such contextual elements results in deeper insight (and they will be mentioned from time to time), the focus here is to encourage and share the experience of a simple textual reading which can be the entirety or the beginning of an acquaintance with our Constitution.

Tomorrow: The Preamble.

Monday, November 17, 2008

About one hundred and twenty-three million people voted in the Presidential election in 2008. The winner of that election will swear or affirm that he will, to the best of his ability, "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."


But the winner, who has an annoying habit referring to our Constitution in the past tense, had this to say in a 2001 Chicago Public Radio interview (stutters and stammers edited out for clarity):

"I think we can say that the Constitution reflected a [sic] enormous blind spot in this culture that carries on until this day.
And that the Framers had that same blind spot. I don't think the
two views are contradictory--to say that it was a remarkable political document that paved the way for where we are now, and to say
that it also reflected the fundamental flaw of this country that
continues to this day." (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11OhmY1obS4)
It's no wonder this man has promised to appoint only judges who have proven a willingness to ignore our Constitution and substitute instead "one's deepest values, one's core concerns, one's broader perspectives on how the world works, and the depth and breadth of one's empathy." (http://obama.senate.gov/press/050922-remarks_of_sena/ paragraph 6) In other words, justices who will override our collective judgement expressed through the democratic process with their judgement, the products of which are called "rulings" for good reason.

He chose a running mate and potential Vice President who claimed during a televised debate that the Executive branch is established in Article I. Neither the moderator, nor the throng of reporters, nor the average viewer picked up on this shocking error. The few who commented called it a "gaffe." Gaffes are harmless and often humorous blunders like calling Bosnians "Bosniaks." On the contrary, when a person running for the Vice Presidency, a person with a law degree who has six times taken the oath to preserve, protect, and defend our Constitution, emphatically and with conviction asserts that Article I is the establishment of the Executive branch, and further, that the Vice President's only Constitutionally defined role in the legislature is to break tie votes in the Senate, this is a display of ignorance that should frighten us all. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89FbCPzAsRA at 1:15 to 1:17)

The losing ticket was topped by a US Senator who has counted among his greatest achievements the co-sponsorship of a bill to abridge First Amendment freedom of speech. Today he may feel differently about it. Maybe if this man had won, and had kept his promise to appoint conservative judges, Campaign Finance Reform would have been overturned.

That brings us to his running mate, the only self-described conservative of the four major party candidates. Here was a woman who unequivocally stated that that our Constitution means exactly what it says. But then she expressed unqualified support for the Federal Marriage Amendment, which would grossly and irreversibly alter its original underlying principles, saying,

"I have voted along with the vast majority of Alaskans who had the opportunity to vote to amend our Constitution defining marriage as between one man and one woman. I wish on a federal level that that's where we would go because I don't support gay marriage." (http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/467179.aspx)

No better example of the difference between generic conservatism and originalism can be offered.

Of the one hundred and twenty three million people who exercised their most precious right by voting in this election, how many have ever read the full text of the document which establishes that right and all others under the law? How many of the people we elected have ever read it? Our Constitution deserves better. We, the non-elected citizens, will have to become the better preservers, protectors, and defenders if we are to "secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity," and that begins with a careful originalist reading.